GDP can be measured by aggregating economy-wide expenditures, economy-wide incomes, or total value-added in the economy. Since these do not always produce the same figure, Statistical Agencies often publish residual series that describe statistical discrepancies between different measures of GDP. In South Africa, the GDP residual is the difference between GDP estimates derived from the expenditure and production approaches published by Statistics South Africa. After being persistently positive for much of the 2000s, the GDP residual has averaged close to 0% of GDP since 2016.
